source: trunk/sys/libm/s_log1p.c @ 64

/* @(#)s_log1p.c 5.1 93/09/24 */
/*
 * ====================================================
 * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Developed at SunPro, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business.
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
 * software is freely granted, provided that this notice 
 * is preserved.
 * ====================================================
 */

/* double log1p(double x)
 *
 * Method :                  
 *   1. Argument Reduction: find k and f such that 
 *                      1+x = 2^k * (1+f), 
 *         where  sqrt(2)/2 < 1+f < sqrt(2) .
 *
 *      Note. If k=0, then f=x is exact. However, if k!=0, then f
 *      may not be representable exactly. In that case, a correction
 *      term is need. Let u=1+x rounded. Let c = (1+x)-u, then
 *      log(1+x) - log(u) ~ c/u. Thus, we proceed to compute log(u),
 *      and add back the correction term c/u.
 *      (Note: when x > 2**53, one can simply return log(x))
 *
 *   2. Approximation of log1p(f).
 *      Let s = f/(2+f) ; based on log(1+f) = log(1+s) - log(1-s)
 *               = 2s + 2/3 s**3 + 2/5 s**5 + .....,
 *               = 2s + s*R
 *      We use a special Reme algorithm on [0,0.1716] to generate 
 *      a polynomial of degree 14 to approximate R The maximum error 
 *      of this polynomial approximation is bounded by 2**-58.45. In
 *      other words,
 *                      2      4      6      8      10      12      14
 *          R(z) ~ Lp1*s +Lp2*s +Lp3*s +Lp4*s +Lp5*s  +Lp6*s  +Lp7*s
 *      (the values of Lp1 to Lp7 are listed in the program)
 *      and
 *          |      2          14          |     -58.45
 *          | Lp1*s +...+Lp7*s    -  R(z) | <= 2 
 *          |                             |
 *      Note that 2s = f - s*f = f - hfsq + s*hfsq, where hfsq = f*f/2.
 *      In order to guarantee error in log below 1ulp, we compute log
 *      by
 *              log1p(f) = f - (hfsq - s*(hfsq+R)).
 *      
 *      3. Finally, log1p(x) = k*ln2 + log1p(f).  
 *                           = k*ln2_hi+(f-(hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+k*ln2_lo)))
 *         Here ln2 is split into two floating point number: 
 *                      ln2_hi + ln2_lo,
 *         where n*ln2_hi is always exact for |n| < 2000.
 *
 * Special cases:
 *      log1p(x) is NaN with signal if x < -1 (including -INF) ; 
 *      log1p(+INF) is +INF; log1p(-1) is -INF with signal;
 *      log1p(NaN) is that NaN with no signal.
 *
 * Accuracy:
 *      according to an error analysis, the error is always less than
 *      1 ulp (unit in the last place).
 *
 * Constants:
 * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following 
 * constants. The decimal values may be used, provided that the 
 * compiler will convert from decimal to binary accurately enough 
 * to produce the hexadecimal values shown.
 *
 * Note: Assuming log() return accurate answer, the following
 *       algorithm can be used to compute log1p(x) to within a few ULP:
 *      
 *              u = 1+x;
 *              if(u==1.0) return x ; else
 *                         return log(u)*(x/(u-1.0));
 *
 *       See HP-15C Advanced Functions Handbook, p.193.
 */

#include <libm/fdlibm.h>

#ifdef __STDC__
static const double
#else
static double
#endif
ln2_hi  =  6.93147180369123816490e-01,  /* 3fe62e42 fee00000 */
ln2_lo  =  1.90821492927058770002e-10,  /* 3dea39ef 35793c76 */
two54   =  1.80143985094819840000e+16,  /* 43500000 00000000 */
Lp1 = 6.666666666666735130e-01,  /* 3FE55555 55555593 */
Lp2 = 3.999999999940941908e-01,  /* 3FD99999 9997FA04 */
Lp3 = 2.857142874366239149e-01,  /* 3FD24924 94229359 */
Lp4 = 2.222219843214978396e-01,  /* 3FCC71C5 1D8E78AF */
Lp5 = 1.818357216161805012e-01,  /* 3FC74664 96CB03DE */
Lp6 = 1.531383769920937332e-01,  /* 3FC39A09 D078C69F */
Lp7 = 1.479819860511658591e-01;  /* 3FC2F112 DF3E5244 */

static double zero = 0.0;

#ifdef __STDC__
        double log1p(double x)
#else
        double log1p(x)
        double x;
#endif
{
        double hfsq,f,c = 0,s,z,R,u;
        int k,hx,n0,hu,ax;

        n0 = (*((int*)&two54)>>30)^1;   /* high word index */
        hx = *(n0+(int*)&x);            /* high word of x */
        ax = hx&0x7fffffff;

        k = 1;
        if (hx < 0x3FDA827A) {                  /* x < 0.41422  */
            if(ax>=0x3ff00000) {                /* x <= -1.0 */
                if(x==-1.0) return -two54/zero; /* log1p(-1)=+inf */
                else return (x-x)/(x-x);        /* log1p(x<-1)=NaN */
            }
            if(ax<0x3e200000) {                 /* |x| < 2**-29 */
                if(two54+x>zero                 /* raise inexact */
                    &&ax<0x3c900000)            /* |x| < 2**-54 */
                    return x;
                else
                    return x - x*x*0.5;
            }
            if(hx>0||hx<=((int)0xbfd2bec3)) {
                k=0;f=x;hu=1;}  /* -0.2929<x<0.41422 */
        } 
        if (hx >= 0x7ff00000) return x+x;
        if(k!=0) {
            if(hx<0x43400000) {
                u  = 1.0+x; 
                hu = *(n0+(int*)&u);            /* high word of u */
                k  = (hu>>20)-1023;
                c  = (k>0)? 1.0-(u-x):x-(u-1.0);/* correction term */
                c /= u;
            } else {
                u  = x;
                hu = *(n0+(int*)&u);            /* high word of u */
                k  = (hu>>20)-1023;
                c  = 0;
            }
            hu &= 0x000fffff;
            if(hu<0x6a09e) {
                *(n0+(int*)&u) = hu|0x3ff00000; /* normalize u */
            } else {
                k += 1; 
                *(n0+(int*)&u) = hu|0x3fe00000; /* normalize u/2 */
                hu = (0x00100000-hu)>>2;
            }
            f = u-1.0;
        }
        hfsq=0.5*f*f;
        if(hu==0) {     /* |f| < 2**-20 */
            if(f==zero) 
              {
                if(k==0) 
                  return zero;  
                else 
                  {
                    c += k*ln2_lo; 
                    return k*ln2_hi+c;
                  }
              }
            R = hfsq*(1.0-0.66666666666666666*f);
            if(k==0) return f-R; else
                     return k*ln2_hi-((R-(k*ln2_lo+c))-f);
        }
        s = f/(2.0+f); 
        z = s*s;
        R = z*(Lp1+z*(Lp2+z*(Lp3+z*(Lp4+z*(Lp5+z*(Lp6+z*Lp7))))));
        if(k==0) return f-(hfsq-s*(hfsq+R)); else
                 return k*ln2_hi-((hfsq-(s*(hfsq+R)+(k*ln2_lo+c)))-f);
}