source: anr/section-2.1.tex @ 24

Microelectronic allows to integrate complicated functions into products, to increase their
commercial attractivity and to improve their competitivity. Multimedia and communication
sectors have taken advantage from microelectronics facilities thanks to developpment of
design methodologies and tools for real time embedded systems. Many other sectors could
benefit from microelectronics if these methologies and tools are adapted to their features.
The Non Recurring Engineering (NRE) costs involded in designing and manufacturing an ASIC is 
very high. It costs several milliars of euros for IC factory and several millions to fabricate
a specific circuit for example a conservative estimate for a 65nm ASIC project is 10 million USD. 
Consequently, it is generally unfeasible to design and fabricate ASICs in
low volumes and ICs are designed to cover a broad applications spectrum at the cost of
performance degradation.
\\
Today, FPGAs become important actors in the computational domain that was originally dominated
by microprocessors and ASICs. Just like microprocessors FPGA based systems can be reprogrammed
on a per-application basis. At the same time, FPGAs offer significant performance benefits over
microprocessors implementation for a number of applications. Although these benefits are still
generally an order of magnitude less than equivalent ASIC implementations, low costs 
(500 euros to 10K euros), fast time to market and flexibility of FPGAs make them an attractive 
choice for low-to-medium volume applications. 
Since their introduction in the mid eighties, FPGAs evolved from a simple, 
low-capacity gate array technology to devices (Altera STRATIX III, Xilinx Virtex V) that
provide a mix of coarse-grained data path units, memory blocks, microprocessor cores, 
on chip A/D conversion, and gate counts by millions. This high logic capacity allows to implement
complex systems like multi-processors platform with application dedicated coprocessors. 
Table~\ref{fpga_market} shows the estimation of FPGA worldwide market in the next years covering 
various application domains. The ``high end'' lines concern only FPGA with high logic capacity able 
to implement complex systems. 
This market is in significant expansion and is estimated to 914\,M\$ in 2012.
Using FPGA limits the NRE costs to design cost. This boosts the developpment of methodologies
and tools to automize design and reduce its cost.
\begin{table}\leavevmode\center
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|}\hline
Segment         & 2010  & 2011  & 2012 \\\hline\hline
Communications  & 1,867 & 1,946 & 2,096 \\
High end        & 467   & 511   & 550 \\\hline
Consumer        & 550   & 592   & 672 \\
High end        & 53    & 62    & 75 \\\hline
Automotive      & 243   & 286   & 358 \\
High end        & -     & -     & - \\\hline
Industrial      & 1,102 & 1,228 & 1,406 \\
High end        & 177   & 188   & 207 \\\hline
Military/Aereo  & 566   & 636   & 717 \\
High end        & 56    & 65    & 82 \\\hline\hline
Total FPGA/PLD  & 4,659 & 5,015 & 5,583 \\
Total High-End  FPGA    & 753   & 826   & 914 \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{fpga_market} Gartner estimation of worldwide FPGA/PLD consumption (Millions \$)}
\end{table}
\par
Today, several companies (atipa, blue-arc, Bull, Chelsio, Convey, CRAY, DataDirect, DELL, hp, 
Wild Systems, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Myricom, NEC, nvidia etc) are making systems where demand 
for very high performance (HPC) primes over other requirements. They tend to use the highest 
performing devices like Multi-core CPUs, GPUs, large FPGAs, custom ICs and the most innovative 
architectures and algorithms. Companies show up in different "traditional" applications and market 
segments like computing clusters (ad-hoc), servers and storage, networking and Telecom, ASIC 
emulation and prototyping, Mil/aero etc. HPC market size is estimated today by FPGA providers 
to 214\,M\$. 
This market is dominated by Multi-core CPUs and GPUs based solutions and the expansion 
of FPGA-based solutions is limited by the flow automation. Nowadays, there are neither commercial 
nor free tools covering the whole design process.
For instance, with SOPC Builder from Altera, users can select and parameterize IP components 
from an extensive drop-down list of communication, digital signal processor (DSP), microprocessor 
and bus interface cores, as well as incorporate their own IP. Designers can then generate 
a synthesized netlist, simulation test bench and custom software library that reflect the hardware 
configuration.
Nevertheless, SOPC Builder does not provide any facilities to synthesize coprocessors\emph{I
(Steven) disagree : the C2H compiler bundled with SOPCBuilder does a pretty good job at this} and to
simulate the platform at a high design level (system C). 
In addition, SOPC Builder is proprietary and only works together with Altera's Quartus compilation
tool to implement designs on Altera devices (Stratix, Arria, Cyclone).
PICO [CITATION] and CATAPULT [CITATION] allow to synthesize coprocessors from a C++ description.
Nevertheless, they can only deal with data dominated applications and they do not handle the
platform level.
The Xilinx System Generator for DSP [http://www.xilinx.com/tools/sysgen.htm] is a plug-in to 
Simulink that enables designers to develop high-performance DSP systems for Xilinx FPGAs. 
Designers can design and simulate a system using MATLAB and Simulink. The tool will then 
automatically generate synthesizable Hardware Description Language (HDL) code mapped to Xilinx 
pre-optimized algorithms. 
However, this tool targets only DSP based algorithms.
\\
Consequently, designers developping an embedded system needs to master for example
SoCLib for design exploration,
SOPC Builde at the platform level, 
PICO for synthesizing the data dominated coprocessors
and Quartus for design implementation.
This requires an important tools interfacing effort and makes the design process very complex 
and achievable only by designers skilled in many domains.
COACH project integrates all these tools in the same framework masking them to the user. 
The objective is to allow \textbf{pure software} developpers to realize embedded systems.
\par
The combination of the framework dedicated to software developpers and FPGA target, allows to gain 
market share over Multi-core CPUs and GPUs HPC based solutions. 
Moreover, one can expect that small and even very small companies will be able to propose embedded 
system and accelerating solutions for standard software applications with acceptable prices, thanks 
 to the elimination of huge hardware investment in opposite to ASIC based solution.
\\
This new market may explose like it was done by micro-computing in eighties. This success were due 
to the low cost of first micro-computers (compared to main frame) and the advent of high level 
programming languages that allow a high number of programmers to launch start-ups in software
engineering.