TSAR MMU

The TSAR MMU (Memory Management Unit) is an hardware component implemented as a L1 cache controller. This generic component can be used with any single instruction issue, 32 bits processor.

As the processor core can issue two simultaneous instruction and data requests, there is actually two separated MMUs for data and instructions. These two MMUs share the same physical access to the VCI/OCP interconnect. Each MMU contains a set-associative cache and a TLB (Translation look-aside buffer), that is in charge of the virtual to physical address translation, and perfoms access right verifications.

The Tsar generic MMU implements a paginated virtual memory, supporting two page sizes : 4 Kbytes pages, and 2 Mbytes pages. In order to be independent on the processor core choice, the TLB MISS are handled by an hardwired Finite State Machine (called a Table Walk), without any software action.

1. Virtual Memory

The TSAR architecture defines two page sizes : 4 Kbytes pages, and 2 Mbytes pages. The virtual address space size is 4 Gbytes (32 bits virtual addresses). The physical address space is limited to 1 Tbytes (40 bits physical addresses). The page table are build by the operating system, and are stored in the main memory. Each execution context (such as an UNIX process) has is own page table.

1.1 Two levels Page Table structure

As described below, the Page Table has a hierarchical two levels structure :

• All page tables (first & second level) must be aligned : the page table base adress must be a multiple of 8K bytes for a first level page table, and multiple of 4K bytes for a second level page table.
• The page tables can be placed anywhere in the physical address space.
• The PTPR register is located in the generic MMU, and is re-initialised by the OS at each context switch. It contains the 27 MSB bits of the first level page table base address, and is extended (left-shifted) to 40 bits by the Table-Walk FSM in case of TLB MISS.

1.2 First Level Page Table Entry Format

Each entry in a first level page table can contain either a 2M bytes page descriptor (called PTE1), or a second level page table descriptor (called PTD1). It is implemented as a single 32 bits word :

• PTE1 :

V

T

L

R

C

W

X

U

G

D

reserved (3 bits)

PPN1 (19 bits)

• PTD1

V

T

reserved (2 bits)

PTBA (28 bits)

The various fields are defined as follows :

V	Valid bit	Valid entry when 1 (set by the OS)
T	Type bit	PTD1 when 1 (set by the OS)
L	Local access bit	Used by the OS for page replacement (set by the hardware)
R	Remote access bit	Used by the OS for page replacement (set by the hardware)
C	Cachable bit	The page is cachable in the L1 cache when 1 (set by the OS)
W	Writable bit	The page is writable when 1 (set by the OS)
X	eXecutable bit	The page can contain instructions when 1 (set by the OS)
U	User bit	The page is accessible in user mode when 1 (set by the OS)
G	Global bit	Entry not invalidated in TLB flush when 1 (set by the OS)
D	Dirty bit	The page has been modified when 1 (set by the hardware)
PPN1	Physical Page Number	Concatened to the page offset to build the physical address
PTBA	Page Table Base Address	Second level page table base address

The L, R, D bits are used by the operating system to implement the page replacement policy.

• The D bit is set by the hardware, when a page is written and when it is not already set, using an atomic access (LL/SC).
• The L bit is set by the hardware, when the page is accessed by a local processor or coprocessor, after a TLB miss, and when it is not already set.
• The R bit is set by the hardware, when the page is accessed by a remote processor or coprocessor, after a TLB miss, and when it is not already set.

These page table updates use atomic access (LL/SC).

If the entry is a PTE1, the PPN1 value (19 bits) must be concatened with the page offset (21 bits) to build the 40 bits physical address.

If the entry is a PTD1, the PTBA value (28 bits) must be left-shifted by 12 bits to define the base address of the level 2 page table. The page table being aligned in memory, the 12 LSB bits of this base address have a 0 value.

The reserved bits are are specified for future hardware extensions, and must not be used by the operating system.

1.3 Second Level Page Table Entry Format

Each entry in a second level page table contains a 4K bytes page descriptor (called PTE2). It is implemented as two 32 bits words: the first word contains the flags; the second word contains the 28 bits physical page number (PPN2).

• PTE2 first word :

V

T

L

R

C

W

X

U

G

D

reserved (14 bits)

soft (8 bits)

• PTE2 second word :

reserved (4 bits)

PPN2 (28 bits)

The various fields are defined as follows :

V	Valid bit	Valid entry when 1 (set by the OS)
T	Type bit	Must be 0 for a PTE2 (set by the OS)
L	Local access bit	Used by the OS for page replacement (set by the hardware)
R	Remote access bit	Used by the OS for page replacement (set by the hardware)
C	Cachable bit	The page is cachable in the L1 cache when 1 (set by the OS)
W	Writable bit	The page is writable when 1 (set by the OS)
X	eXecutable bit	The page can contain instructions when 1 (set by the OS)
U	User bit	The page is accessible in user mode when 1 (set by the OS)
G	Global bit	Entry not invalidated in TLB flush when 1 (set by the OS)
D	Dirty bit	The page has been modified when 1 (set by the hardware)
PPN2	Physical Page Number	Concatened to the page offset to build the 40 bits address

The L, R, D bits are used by the operating system to implement the page replacement policy.

• The D bit is set by the hardware, when a page is written and when it is not already set, using an atomic access (LL/SC).
• The L bit is set by the hardware, when the page is accessed by a local processor or coprocessor, after a TLB miss, and when it is not already set.
• The R bit is set by the hardware, when the page is accessed by a remote processor or coprocessor, after a TLB miss, and when it is not already set.

These page table updates use atomic access (LL/SC).

The PPN2 value (28 bits) must be concatened with the page offset (12 bits) to build the 40 bits physical address. The reserved bits are are specified for future hardware extensions, and must not be used by the operatin system. The soft bits can be used by the operating system, will not be modified by the hardware MMU.

2. MMU/processor interface

In order to be used with the various (32 bits, single instruction issue) processor cores available in the SoCLib library, the TSAR generic MMU defines a generic processor/MMU interface for data and instructions.

2.1 Instruction MMU interface

The Instruction MMU interface is defined by the following signals :

struct InstructionRequest {
        bool valid;
        uint30_t addr;
        enum ExecMode mode;
    };
struct InstructionResponse {
        bool valid;
        bool error;
        uint32_t instruction;
    };

The addr virtual address is a 32 bits word address. It is coded on 30 bits.

The possible values for the Execution Mode are defined below :

ExecMode?	Value
Hyper	*1
Kernel	00
User	10

2.2 Data MMU interface

The Data MMU interface is defined by the following signals :

struct DataRequest {
        bool valid;
        uint30_t addr;
        uint32_t wdata;
        enum DataOperationType type;
        uint4_t be;
        enum ExecMode mode;
    };
struct DataResponse {
        bool valid;
        bool error;
        uint32_t rdata;
    };

The addr virtual address is a 32 bits word address. It is coded on 30 bits.

The wdata field is only significant for be-masked bytes:

• wdata[7:0] is at ![addr], masked by be[0]
• wdata[15:8] is at [addr+1], masked by be[1]
• wdata[23:16] is at [addr+2], masked by be[2]
• wdata[31:24] is at [addr+3], masked by be[3]

The possible values for the execution mode are the same as for the instructions.

The possible values for the OperationType? field are defined below :

Data.OperationType?	R X L Z	semantic
DATA_READ	1 0 0 0	load 32 bits from memory address space
DATA_WRITE	0 0 0 0	store 32 bits to memory adress space
DATA_LL	1 0 1 0	load 32 bits from memory address space with reservation
DATA_SC	0 0 1 0	conditionnal store 32 bits to memory address space
XTN_READ	1 1 0 0	load 32 bits from MMU register
XTN_WRITE	0 1 0 0	store 32 bits to MMU register
DATA_LLRST	* * * 1	reset a previous LL reservation

Note : Instruction request & data requests are independent : the processor can issue simultaneous data & instruction requests that have different execution modes.

In case of access to an eXTerNal register (XTN_READ or XTN_WRITE) the MMU register is identified by the Data.Address field. (see section 3).

3. MMU architecture

The generic MMU is implemented in the L1 cache controller.

As the processor core can issue two simultaneous instruction and data requests, there is actually two separated data and instructions caches, sharing the same physical access to the VCI/OCP interconnect. These cache are set associative, and have a total capacity of 16 Kbytes :

• cache line width = 64 bytes
• number of associative sets = 64 sets
• number of associative ways = 4 ways

The data cache L1 implement a writhe-through policy, in order to simplify the cache-coherence protocol. It contains a write-buffer that is in charge to build write burst, with the following constraints :

• the burst length is variable
• the maximal burst length is 8 32 bits words
• all addresses in a burst belongs to the same "half cache line" (32 bytes aligned)
• each address in a burst can have a different Byte Enable value (including the 0 value)

Similarly, the L1 cache controller contains two separated hardware MMUs for instruction and data. Each MMU contains a 64 entries TLB (Translation Look-aside Buffer). These TLBs are implemented as set-associative caches (16 sets of 4 ways). Each entry in these TLBs can contain either a 4 Kbytes page descriptor, or a 2 Mbytes page descriptor. The figure below illustrate the general structure of the TSAR L1 caches.

For both data & instructions, the TSAR L1 caches use physical addresses : the cache directories are indexed by the physical addresses, and the tags contained in the directories are obtained from the physical addresses. The access to the L1 cache being a critical path, the TSAR MMU use a speculative approach to avoid to serialize the TLB access and the L1 cache access:

• After each TLB hit, the input VPN and the resulting PPN values are saved in two VPN_save & PPN_save registers.
• During access (n), the PPN_save value, corresponding to access (n_1) is used to access the cache. Simultaneously, the cache controller checks that the VPN value is equal to the VPN_save value (no page change).
• In case of TLB hit with a page change, the cache must be accessed twice, which means one cycle penalty.

3.1 MMU activation

After general RESET, the the MMU is desactivated : As long as the MMU is not activated, the 32 bits virtual address is simply extended to 40 bits (for both data and instructions), by appending 8 nul bits and directly used as a physical address. As long as the caches are not activated, all read requests are considered uncached by the cache controller.

The instruction cache, the data cache, the instruction MMU and the data MMU can be separately activated by the software, by writing in the MMU_MODE register.

3.2 Generic MMU exceptions

The hardware MMU can signal exceptions by rising the general instruction_bus_error and data_bus_error signals (for an instruction or data accesss respectively). The access type (Read or Write) and the error type is written in the INS_ERROR_TYPE & DATA_ERROR_TYPE registers, as described below:

Exception type	code	cause	severity
MMU_WRITE_PT1_UNMAPPED	0x0001	Write access : Page fault on Table1 (invalid PTE)	non fatal error
MMU_WRITE_PT2_UNMAPPED	0x0002	Write access : Page fault on Table 2 (invalid PTE)	non fatal error
MMU_WRITE_PRIVILEGE_VIOLATION	0x0004	Write access : Protected access in user mode	user error
MMU_WRITE_ACCES_VIOLATION	0x0008	Write access : Write to a non writable page	user error
MMU_WRITE_UNDEFINED_XTN	0x0020	Write access : Undefined external access address	user error
MMU_WRITE_PT1_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x0040	Write access : Bus Error in Table1 access	kernel error
MMU_WRITE_PT2_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x0080	Write access : Bus Error in Table2 access	kernel error
MMU_WRITE_DATA_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x0100	Write access : Bus Error during the cache access	kernel error
MMU_READ_PT1_UNMAPPED	0x1001	Read access : Page fault on Table1 (invalid PTE)	non fatal error
MMU_READ_PT2_UNMAPPED	0x1002	Read access : Page fault on Table 2 (invalid PTE)	non fatal error
MMU_READ_PRIVILEGE_VIOLATION	0x1004	Read access : Protected access in user mode	user error
MMU_READ_EXEC_VIOLATION	0x1010	Read access : Exec access to a non exec page	user error
MMU_READ_UNDEFINED_XTN	0x1020	Read access : Undefined external access address	user error
MMU_READ_PT1_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x1040	Read access : Bus Error in Table1 access	kernel error
MMU_READ_PT2_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x1080	Read access : Bus Error in Table2 access	kernel error
MMU_READ_DATA_ILLEGAL_ACCESS	0x1100	Read access : Bus Error during the cache access	kernel error

3.3 generic MMU registers format & mapping

The generic MMU contains a set of 32 bits registers (or pseudo-registers) that can be accessed by operating system, through a dedicated MMU driver. In the case of the MIPS processor, these registers are implemented in coprocessor 2, and are accessed using the mtc2 (write) and mfc2 (read) instructions.

These registers are described below :

register name	index	description	mode
MMU_PTPR	0	Page Table Pointer Register	R/W
MMU_MODE	1	Data & Inst TLBs and caches Mode Register	R/W
MMU_ICACHE_FLUSH	2	Instruction Cache flush	W
MMU_DCACHE_FLUSH	3	Data Cache flush	W
MMU_ITLB_INVAL	4	Instruction TLB line invalidation	W
MMU_DTLB_INVAL	5	Data TLB line Invalidation	W
MMU_ICACHE_INVAL	6	Instruction Cache line invalidation	W
MMU_DCACHE_INVAL	7	Data Cache line invalidation	W
MMU_ICACHE_PREFETCH	8	Instruction Cache line prefetch	W
MMU_DCACHE_PREFETCH	9	Data Cache line prefetch	W
MMU_SYNC	10	Complete pending writes	W
MMU_IETR	11	Instruction Exception Type Register	R
MMU_DETR	12	Data Exception Type Register	R
MMU_IBVAR	13	Instruction Bad Virtual Address Register	R
MMU_DBVAR	14	Data Bad Virtual Address Register	R
MMU_PARAMS	15	Caches & TLBs hardware parameters	R
MMU_RELEASE	16	Generic MMU release number	R

The MMU_PTPR register contains the base address of the currently used first level page table. The PTPR is a 32 bits register, and the physical address can be (up to) 40 bits. As the base address is aligned on a 8 Kbytes boundary, the PTPR register contains only the 27 MSB bits of the base address :

00000

BASE_ADDRESS[39:13]

The MMU_MODE register has four bits and these 16 values are described as below :

MODE3	MODE2	MODE1	MODE0	description
(INS TLB)	(DATA TLB)	(INS CACHE)	(DATA CACHE)
0	0	0	0	TLBs and caches deactivated
0	0	0	1	TLBs and instruction cache deactivated, data cache actived
0	0	1	0	TLBs and data cache deactivated, instruction cache actived
0	0	1	1	TLBs deactivated, caches actived
0	1	0	0	Instruction TLB and caches deactivated, data TLB actived
0	1	0	1	Instruction TLB and instruction cache deactivated, data TLB and data cache actived
0	1	1	0	Instruction TLB and data cache deactivated, data TLB and instruction cache actived
0	1	1	1	Instruction TLB deactivated, data TLB and caches actived
1	0	0	0	Data TLB and caches deactivated, instruction TLB actived
1	0	0	1	Data TLB and instruction cache deactivated, instruction TLB and data cache actived
1	0	1	0	Data TLB and data cache deactivated, instruction TLB and instruction cache actived
1	0	1	1	Data TLB deactivated, instruction TLB and caches actived
1	1	0	0	Caches deactivated, TLBs actived
1	1	0	1	Instruction cache deactivated, TLBs and data cache actived
1	1	1	0	Data cache deactivated, TLBs and instruction cache actived
1	1	1	1	TLBs and caches actived

The MMU_PARAMS register define the instruction and data caches & TLBs characteristics :

WTD

STD

WCD

SCD

WTI

STI

WCI

SCI

NBL

• WTD (3 bits) : Ln(number of associative ways for the Data TLB)
• STD (4 bits) : Ln(number of sets for the Data TLB)
• WCD (3 bits) : Ln(number of associative ways for the Data Cache)
• SCD (4 bits) : Ln(number of sets ways for the Data Cache)
• WTI (3 bits) : Ln(number of associative ways for the Instruction TLB)
• STI (4 bits) : Ln(number of sets for the Instruction TLB)
• WCI (3 bits) : Ln(number of associative ways for the Instruction Cache)
• SCI (4 bits) : Ln(number of sets ways for the Instruction Cache)
• NBL (4 bits) : Ln(number of bytes per Data or Instruction cache line)

The MMU_RELEASE register contains the release number for a given hardware implementation :

SPECIFICATION_INDEX

IMPLEMENTATION_INDEX

• SPECIFICATION_INDEX (16 bits)
• IMPLEMENTATION_INDEX (16 bits)