source: caseStudy_Huffmann/huffmann/huff_synchro/huff_synchro.v

// Model of connected Huffman encoder and decoder.
// The alphabet consists of the uppercase letters and the space.
// The Huffman tree used by encoder and decoder is shown below.
// All left branches are labeled 0, and all right branches are labeled 1.
//
//                       +-------------( )---------------+
//                       |                               |
//                       |                               |
//              +-------( )------+               +------( )-----+
//              |                |               |              |
//              |                |               |              |
//        +----( )----+         ( )          +--( )--+         ( )
//        |           |         / \          |       |         / \
//        |           |        |   |         |       |        |   |
//    +--( )--+      ( )      [E] ( )       ( )     ( )      [ ] ( )
//    |       |      / \          / \       / \     / \          / \
//    |       |     |   |        |   |     |   |   |   |        |   |
//   ( )     ( )   [S] ( )      ( ) [A]   [I] [O] [R] [N]      ( ) [T]
//   / \     / \       / \      / \                            / \
//  |   |   |   |     |   |    |   |                          |   |
// [U] [P] [F] [C]   ( ) [L]  [H] ( )                        [D] ( )
//                   / \          / \                            / \
//                  |   |        |   |                          |   |
//            +----( ) [W]      [G] [Y]                        ( ) [M]
//            |      \                                         / \
//            |       |                                       |   |
//           ( )     ( )                                     [B] [V]
//           / \     / \
//          |   |   |   |
//         [Q] ( ) [K] [X]
//             / \
//            |   |
//           [Z] [J]
//
// As an example, the code of W is 001101.
//
// This tree is based on the following assumed frequencies.
//
//  E 130  T 93  N 78  R 77  I 74  O 74  A 73  S 63  D 44
//  H  35  L 35  C 30  F 28  P 27  U 27  M 25  Y 19  G 16
//  W  16  V 13  B  9  X  5  K  3  Q  3  J  2  Z  1
//
// That is, it is assumed that there are 130 Es for every thousand letters.
// It is further assumed that there are 182 spaces for every 1000 letters.
//
// The encoder retrieves the code for each symbol from a map, and shifts it
// out one bit at the time.  The decoder is a finite state machine whose
// state transition graph is obtained from the tree by adding acs from the
// leaves back to the top of the tree.  (To the second level nodes to be
// precise.)  Each node uses ten bits for its encoding.  The code of the root
// is 0.  If a state is not a leaf of the tree, and its encoding is n, then
// the encodings of its two children are 2n+1 and 2n+2.

// Author: Fabio Somenzi <Fabio@Colorado.EDU>

module main(clk, addr,plain);
    input clk;
    input [4:0] addr;
    

    wire  cipher;
    output [7:0] plain;
    wire[7:0] character;

    huffmanEnc encoder (clk, addr, cipher, character,start);

    huffmanDec decoder (clk, cipher, plain,start);

    // Latch data that we want to refer to in properties.
   /* reg        ci;
    reg [7:0]  ch;

    initial begin
        ci = 0;
        ch = 0;
    end

    always @ (posedge clk) begin
        ci = cipher;
        ch = character;
    end
*/
endmodule // main


module huffmanEnc (clk, addr, cipher, character,start);
    input        clk;
    input [4:0]  addr;
    output       cipher;
    output [7:0] character;
    output start;

    reg start;
    reg [7:0]    character;

    // This function is the map from symbols (ASCII space and uppercase
    // letters) to codes.  Each code consists of from 3 to 9 bits.
    // Since the codes are of variable length, an additional
    // bit is used to mark the end of the symbol.  This bit is the
    // leftmost 1.  The code is sent out LSB first; hence, it is reversed
    // in this map.  For instance, 0000010100 (the entry of the map for S)
    // says that the code for S is 0010.
    function [9:0] code;
        input [7:0] c;
        begin: _code
            case (c)
              69: code = 10'b0000001010; // E
              32: code = 10'b0000001011; // space
              83: code = 10'b0000010100; // S
              65: code = 10'b0000011110; // A
              73: code = 10'b0000010001; // I
              79: code = 10'b0000011001; // O
              82: code = 10'b0000010101; // R
              78: code = 10'b0000011101; // N
              84: code = 10'b0000011111; // T
              85: code = 10'b0000100000; // U
              80: code = 10'b0000110000; // P
              70: code = 10'b0000101000; // F
              67: code = 10'b0000111000; // C
              76: code = 10'b0000111100; // L
              72: code = 10'b0000100110; // H
              68: code = 10'b0000100111; // D
              87: code = 10'b0001101100; // W
              71: code = 10'b0001010110; // G
              89: code = 10'b0001110110; // Y
              77: code = 10'b0001110111; // M
              66: code = 10'b0010010111; // B
              86: code = 10'b0011010111; // V
              81: code = 10'b0100001100; // Q
              75: code = 10'b0101001100; // K
              88: code = 10'b0111001100; // X
              90: code = 10'b1010001100; // Z
              74: code = 10'b1110001100; // J
              default: code = 10'b0;
            endcase // case(character)
        end
    endfunction // code

    // This function supplies the ASCII codes of the symbols.
    function [7:0] ROM;
        input [4:0] address;
        begin: _ROM
            if (address < 26)
              ROM = 65 + {3'b0, address};
            else
              ROM = 32;
        end
    endfunction // ROM

    reg [9:0] shiftreg;

    initial begin
        character = 0;
        shiftreg = 0;
    start = 0;
    end

    always @ (posedge clk) 
        begin
        if (shiftreg[9:1] <= 1) // added by Cecile 24.06.11
        begin
            character = ROM(addr);
            shiftreg = code(character); // load a new code
        start = 1;
        end 
        else 
                begin
            shiftreg = {1'b0, shiftreg[9:1]}; // shift right
        start = 0;
                end
    end

    assign cipher = shiftreg[0];

endmodule // huffmanEnc


// The output plain is 0 except for one clock cycle when a character has
// been decoded.
module huffmanDec (clk,cipher,plain,start);
    input        clk;
    input        cipher;
    output [7:0] plain;
    input start;

    reg [9:0]    state;
            
    wire         leaf;
    wire [7:0]   character;

    initial state = 0;

    // This function maps states to characters.  All non-leaf states are
    // mapped to NUL.  The leaf states are mapped to the ASCII code of the
    // corresponding symbol.
    function [7:0] map;
        input [9:0] state;
        begin: _map
            case (state)
                9: map = 69; // E
               13: map = 32; // space
               17: map = 83; // S
               22: map = 65; // A
               23: map = 73; // I
               24: map = 79; // O
               25: map = 82; // R
               26: map = 78; // N
               30: map = 84; // T
               31: map = 85; // U
               32: map = 80; // P
               33: map = 70; // F
               34: map = 67; // C
               38: map = 76; // L
               43: map = 72; // H
               59: map = 68; // D
               76: map = 87; // W
               89: map = 71; // G
               90: map = 89; // Y
              122: map = 77; // M
              243: map = 66; // B
              244: map = 86; // V
              303: map = 81; // Q
              305: map = 75; // K
              306: map = 88; // X
              609: map = 90; // Z
              610: map = 74; // J
              default: map = 0;
            endcase // case(state)
        end // block: _map
    endfunction // map

    assign plain = map(state);
    assign leaf = plain != 0;

    always @ (posedge clk) begin
        state = ((leaf||start) ? 0 : {state[8:0],1'b0}) + (cipher ? 2 : 1);
    end

endmodule // huffmanDec